Steamboat Willie entered into the Public Domain 95 years after its release: What is the Impact on the Gaming Industry?

The copyright on Disney’s 1928 short film Steamboat Willie expired in the US on January 1, 2024, 95 years after it was released. It means the early versions of Mickey and Minnie Mouse featured in the film – their first screen release – can be used without incurring a cost. The termination of US copyright protection for Steamboat Willie, has triggered a surge of creative projects featuring the iconic character. Shortly after this milestone, two horror films and a video game starring Mickey Mouse were swiftly announced.

Mickey Mouse – Inspired Game: Infestation: Origins

The game, named Infestation: Origins, was revealed via IGN just hours after the character’s earliest renditions entered the public domain in the US. Infestation: Origins offers players a cooperative horror experience, pitting them against sinister versions of classic characters and urban legends, with Mickey Mouse taking centre stage as the primary antagonist.

Originally introduced as “Infestation 88,” the game underwent a name change following concerns raised on social media regarding the connotations of the number “88.” The developer, Nightmare Forge Games, promptly addressed the issue, expressing regret over their oversight and swiftly rectifying the situation. Nightmare Forge Games appears unyielding, emphasising in both the game’s Steam store and trailer that it draws inspiration from works now in the public domain and has not been officially endorsed by the original creators or copyright holders.

This game is inspired by works that are now in the public domain. This independent creation has not been authorized, sponsored, or otherwise endorsed by any original authors of said works. All content in this game is used under appropriate public domain guidelines, and is not affiliated with, related to, or endorsed by any existing intellectual property or trademark holders.

Copyright Protection and Expiration

The evolution of Mickey Mouse’s copyright protection has been a subject of contention over the years. Initially set to expire in 1984, Disney successfully advocated for legislative changes, extending protection until 2003. Subsequent lobbying efforts, including the infamous Mickey Mouse Protection Act, further prolonged copyright terms, safeguarding Steamboat Willie until the conclusion of 2023. However, with the expiration of copyright in the US, creative opportunities have flourished, although the landscape remains complex due to varying international copyright laws.

Does this extend worldwide?

While individuals in the US have the liberty to utilise the 1928 short for crafting new narratives and artistic creations featuring Steamboat Willie, the global applicability of this freedom varies. In certain jurisdictions, where copyright protections extend for 70 years after the death of the last surviving author or creator, Steamboat Willie will retain protection until at least 2042. This is particularly pertinent considering that Steamboat Willie’s co-creator, Ub Iwerks, passed away in 1971.

However, in some countries, Steamboat Willie may only benefit from the copyright protection afforded by the nation in which it was originally created. Consequently, it may enter the public domain in those jurisdictions as well. For those interested in utilising Steamboat Willie in their creative endeavours, it is imperative to conduct thorough research into the copyright laws of their respective countries.

The Fine Line: Utilising Public Domain while Respecting Trademarks

While the public domain status of Steamboat Willie in the US allows for new interpretations, it’s essential to recognise that Mickey Mouse’s distinct characteristics (as we know him) and trademarks remain under Disney’s ownership. Thus, creators must tread carefully to avoid infringing on copyrighted and trademarked elements while exploring the possibilities offered by the public domain.